broomrape and bursage relationship broomrape and bursage relationship

(2001). Biological control of broomrape is based on the use of living organisms either by killing seed bank or interfering with its host-recognition ability. Effect of Brassica campestris var. Plant Growth Regul. Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 35, 445452. Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. Evaluation of weed eradication programs: the delimitation of extent. Can sourcesink relations explain responses of tobacco to infection by the root holoparasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua? (2012). Biol. A multiple-pathogen strategy in which two or more pathogens are combined has been proved successful for the control of broomrape causing a synergistic effect that can lead to 100% broomrape control (Dor and Hershenhorn, 2003; Mller-Stver et al., 2005). Phytochemistry 109, 5765. The promotion of germination of dormant weed seeds by substituted phthalimides and gibberellic acid. 22, 937947. Sillero, J. C., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2005). Although hard seed coat has been described as dormancy mechanism in newly formed broomrape seeds (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996), water uptake and imbibition are performed quickly by mature seeds through the micropyle without the need of scarification (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993; Joel et al., 2012). 11, 240246. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize. Food Chem. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (branched broomrape) is a holoparasitic plant that reproduces on crops and also on weeds, which contributes to increase the parasite seed bank in fields. Plant Prot. Transgenic crops against parasites. Therefore broomrape seeds timely gain sensitivity for host chemodetection by means of conditioning (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Mol. Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). Chae, S. H., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Joel, D. M. (2004). This study evaluated the relationship between small broomrape devel-opment and temperature with red clover as a host plant. The parasitic plant genome project: new tools for understanding the biology of Orobanche and Striga. Crops with target-site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control. doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). Sci. Pest Manag. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. Parker, C., and Riches, C. R. (1993). Orobanche; Phelipanche; germination; haustorium; integrated pest management; parasitism; plant recognition; seed bank. Pest Manag. 20, 423435. 41, 127151. PLoS ONE 7:e49273. 19, 211236. Although some examples of successful control do exist for some crops, the majority of commercially available control methods are either not fully effective or not applicable to many of the affected crops, especially in the case of low-input crops (Joel, 2000). There have been some known cases in the Sacramento Valley, but I think its more than reported, Hanson said. Direct application of strigolactones to the soil has been the subject of intense research. in Africa and Near East. Broomrape acts as a strong sink, depriving the host from water, mineral, and organic nutrients with the consequent negative impact on the growth of the host plant (Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998; Joel, 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). 33, 267349. based on a life cycle model. FIGURE 2. 36, 113121. The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. Food Chem. Sauerborn, J., Linke, K. H., Saxena, M. C., and Koch, W. (1989). 93, 300313. PMC This approach would inhibit parasitism by killing the young seedling before it attaches to the host root. Broomrape high fecundity, with thousands of seeds released per broomrape plant (Figures 2A,B), multiplies the chances of the next generation to encounter a host and achieve successful parasitism (Parker and Riches, 1993). 52, 699715. Symplasmic sieve element continuity between Orobanche and its host. If left uncontrolled during one or a few seasons, broomrape weeds build a hardly destructible seed bank in agricultural soils that further renovates at a rate of millions of seeds per ha each year a susceptible crop is infested. Though, the effect of L-methionine on internal crop resistance was not studied and requires further investigation. Sci. Not all areas infested by broomrape are suitable for efficient solarization. Physiol. Is seed conditioning essential for Orobanche germination? Solar heating (solarization) control of soilborne pests. 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90021-5 seed germination and radicle growth. (2008). 133, 637642. Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. These efforts were so successful that no industry dollars have gone to this problem since then, until now.. 65, 603614. Evol. 36, 395404. Weed Res. Post-germination development in broomrape could be probably regulated by their own broomrape-encoded strigolactones as it occurs in the close related parasite Striga hermonthica or in non-parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014; Das et al., 2015). The regulatory consequences of having this quarantine pest discovered are so draconian there may be a temptation to keep the finding secret, Hanson said. Weed Res. Although these industry efforts are important, the most effective means to control the spread of this pest is active concern for the presence of this weed in processing tomato fields, Bagley said. Bot. Certain amino acids strongly inhibit the early development of broomrape without phytotoxic effects in the host (Vurro et al., 2006). Technol. 1, 139146. Imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future. The use of several phytopathogenic fungi for broomrape control. Plant Growth Regul. However, exogenous application of GA alone is not sufficient to promote broomrape germination (Takeuchi et al., 1995; Chae et al., 2004) and strigolactone-mediated ABA catabolism in conditioned seeds is required to trigger germination (Lechat et al., 2012). Zhang, Y., Luc, J. E., and Crow, W. T. (2010). Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. Expression of sarcotoxin IA gene via a root-specific tob promoter enhanced host resistance against parasitic weeds in tomato plants. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/broomrape, Illinois Wildflowers - One-Flowered Broomrape, University of California - Branched Broomrape. J. Microbiol. PrCYP707A1, an ABA catabolic gene, is a key component of Phelipanche ramosa seed germination in response to the strigolactone analogue GR24. Mineral nutrient concentration influences sunflower infection by broomrape (Orobanche cumana). doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. (2007). 47, 4453. Quelques aspects particuliers de la biologie des Orobanches, in Proceedings of the European Weed Research Council on Parasitic Weeds, eds W. G. H. Edwards, L. Kasasian, C. Parker, A. R. Saghir, and W. van der Zweep (Malta: Royal University of Malta), 5567. 28, 16. The root-parasitic broomrape species cause severe damage to eld and vegetable crops worldwide. (2012). The broomrapes are obligate plant-parasitic plants from the genera Orobanche and Phelipanche in the Orobanchaceae family (Bennett and Mathews, 2006; Tank et al., 2006; Joel, 2009). Control 2, 291296. Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 7fc2e8-Mjc3Z Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. Mller-Stver, D. (2001). Plant Growth Regul. Sci. 25, 803813. The broomrape plant is small, from 10-60 cm tall depending on species. A. C. (1996). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00971.x, Mauro, R. P., Lo Monaco, A., Lombardo, S., Restuccia, A., and Mauromicale, G. (2015). doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012). Besides the effects of fertilization management on pre-attached broomrape stages described in previous sections, high soil fertility can induce crops to endure broomrape parasitism by helping the host to maintain a favorable osmotic potential that reduces the parasitic sink strength (Gworgwor and Weber, 1991). In broomrape species, the chemistry of host recognition for haustorium initiation remains uncharacterized. J. Agric. (2009a). broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1093/jxb/34.5.610. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. Understanding the key processes of host recognition, haustorium development and maturation and metabolic regulation of the parasitic sink allow virulence predictions and the design and implementation of highly calibrated, feasible, and durable control strategies leading to the arrest of broomrape parasitism minimizing simultaneously environmental impact and yield losses. Successful broomrape control should target the underground broomrapes at their earlier life stages, prior attachment or as soon as it attach to the host, because of their highest vulnerability at those stages and the avoidance of yield loss in the current crop. (2007). They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). resistance available for faba bean breeding. This approach is based on the selection of naturally occurring mutants that overproduce and excrete an enhanced amount of specific amino acid with broomrape inhibition properties on seed germination and radicle growth (Vurro et al., 2006; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). The angiospermous root parasite Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) induces expression of a pathogenesis related (PR) gene in susceptible tobacco roots. management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). (1993). BMC Evol. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Eradication of Orobanche/Phelipanche spp. Unfortunately this technique represents another example of highly promising broomrape control strategy that has never been validated in field experiments. eCollection 2022. They are attempting to learn if a timely application of an herbicide at a rate high enough to stunt the broomrape, but low enough to spare the tomatoes, can be an effective strategy to minimize crop losses. doi: 10.1560/Q3BA-8BJW-W7GH-XHPX, Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yang, Z. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. Am. doi: 10.1007/BF00029536, Tan, S., Evans, R. R., Dahmer, M. L., Sing, B. K., and Shaner, D. (2005). Planta 225, 10311038. Am. During the host penetration process, broomrape does not dissolve the host cells in its way toward vascular cylinder. doi: 10.1039/b907026e, Boari, A., and Vurro, M. (2004). Murdoch, A. J., and Kebreab, A. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60328-6, Lieberman, M. (1979). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0563, Louarn, J., Carbonne, F., Delavault, P., Becard, G., and Rochange, S. (2012). Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Technologies for smart chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp. Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. The first attempts to deplete parasitic weed seed bank was made by Johnson et al. 3586002. (2001). (2005). Persistence of GR7 and Striga germination stimulant(s) from Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. The release of phytochemicals by the roots of the allelopathic component in the intercrop inhibits the broomrape germination and/or radicle elongation toward the host component. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-049.1, Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Matusova, R., Charnikhova, T., Amini, M., Jamil, M., et al. doi: 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00051-3, Akiyama, K., Matsuzaki, K. I., and Hayashi, H. (2005). (2006). Bot. Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. There are not figures based on rigorous data for the total area affected by broomrape weeds (Parker, 2009). Minimum tillage reduces the amount of viable seeds incorporated in the soil and then their capacity to reach the crop root system (Ghersa and Martinez-Ghersa, 2000; Lpez-Bellido et al., 2009). Mol. Sources of natural resistance based on reduced release of haustorium-inducing factors is a doubly interesting strategy to inhibit broomrape parasitism because not only it prevents broomrape parasitism in the current crop, but also it promotes the demise of the seed bank by promoting suicidal germination. Dissipation of metham-sodium from soil and its effect on the control of Orobanche aegyptiaca. 65, 478491. doi: 10.1086/283185, Auger, B., Pouvreau, J. 47, 161166. (2000). Rev. Abbasher A. 5, 99108. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.037, Joel, D. M., Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., Ejeta, G., Rich, P. J., et al. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). 29, 867871. Available at: www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Van Delft, G. J., Graves, J. D., Fitter, A. H., and Van Ast, A. The Broomrape family comprises more than 2000 species of annual and perennial herbs or shrubs, nearly all of which are parasitic on the roots of other plants. In addition, the biological similarity between host and parasite characterizing broomrape-crop interactions is higher than in other plant pathosystems, which complicates the development of selective methods to control broomrape, without harmful effect in the crop from which it is feeding (Eizenberg et al., 2006; Hearne, 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010; Prez-Vich et al., 2013). Plant Growth Regul. Biological regulation of broomrapes. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0023, Singh, A., and Singh, M. (1993). (2000). The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several Brassica species, lettuce, several bean crops, melon, potato, olive and many common weeds, according to Bagley. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. doi: 10.1023/A:1015654429456. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. This surface is covered by carbohydrate secretion that sticks the haustorium to the host surface. It cost around $6,000 an acre.. 69, 463472. Agric. doi: 10.1614/WS-06-135, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., and Motta, A. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. (1992). 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. Phytomyza orobanchia is reported to be broomrape-specific and its main action as biocontrol agent is by reduction of broomrape reproductive activity due to their feeding activity on ovules and young seeds. Mutualism This is a win-win relationship Both organisms . (2007b). 63, 53115322. Joel, D. M., Bar, H., Mayer, A. M., Plakhine, D., Ziadne, H., Westwood, J. H., et al. 11, 435442. The concept of trap crops refers to the cultivation of crop species whose root exudates exhibit high germination-inducing activity on broomrape seeds, but these species do not become infected because they are resistant to later stages of the parasitic process indirectly leading to the killing of the young broomrape seedlings due to the lack of proper host. Res. Although analytical chemistry methods have failed to detect strigolactones in parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014), transcriptome sequencing reveals that all known strigolactone genes, both synthesis and perception are present in broomrapes with apparently full-length proteins (Pron et al., 2012; Das et al., 2015). July 4, 2022 July 4, 2022. 47 153159. These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Nov 30, 2015. broomrape and bursage relationship. Phytochemistry 72, 624634. Pron, T., Vronsi, C., Mortreau, E., Pouvreau, J. Ghersa, C. M., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth. Plant Physiol. Additional mechanisms that could contribute to the selective action of host-derived strigolactones in broomrape germination could be (1) variations of molecular structure between host-derived and parasite-encoded strigolactones conferring different specificity for different biological functions or (2) different spatial localization inside the broomrape seed for functions of strigolactone detection and strigolactone synthesis (Das et al., 2015). 44, 284289. A. S. Lpez, E. I. Martnez, T. R. Blas, M. C. Lpez, and J. P. Sestelo (A Corua: Dario Prada-Rodrguez of University of A Corua), 688. Sci. seedbank by soil solarization and organic supplementation. Peagol and peagoldione, two new strigolactone like metabolites isolated from pea root exudates. Ambio 35, 281288. In addition to this direct effect, ethylene-producing bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Weed Technol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.2-2 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and . Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.68120. Sci. This allows the creosote seedling to establish itself and it will soon outgrow the bursage. Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. 34, 610619. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00778.x. 10. Parasitic plants probably evolved to recruit plant defense molecules as host recognition cues (Atsatt, 1977; Matvienko et al., 2001; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). J. Agric. J. Pest Manag. (2011). A better understanding of the biochemistry of host recognition in broomrape will facilitate the generation of control strategies targeting the haustorium development. J. Nematol. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr176. Food Chem. New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. FIGURE 1. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.06.009. Crop Prot. Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. Phosphorous and nitrogen have been described to down regulate strigolactones exudation in some crop species (Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b, 2012). 50, 69556958. 2022 Nov 29;12(12):1195. doi: 10.3390/metabo12121195. Methods for Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. Sources of resistance to crenate broomrape among species of Vicia. Resistance in AB-VL-8 is . Once in the parasite system, sucrose is not accumulated but metabolized to other compounds. seed germination. Biol. The strigolactone story. 51, 707716. Besides the difficulty of selectively controlling broomrape in the form of host-attached parasite, eradication of broomrape seed bank is extremely difficult due to prolific production of parasitic seeds, their easy dispersal, physiological dormancy, seed longevity, and germination synchronized with specialized range of host cultivation. The papillae form a crown around the apical cells that remain non-papillate but later will become intrusive cells with an essential function in the penetration process. 18, 643649. MF-A wrote the paper. Jan 07, 2016. scott lewis fox 2 detroit. Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome A. Thermoinhibition uncovers a role for strigolactones in Arabidopsis seed germination. 112 297308. Chem. B., Delavault P., Chaibi W., Simier P. (2010). (2008). J. Exp. Plant Microbe Interact. (2009). Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato. Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. Dev. operate at different developmental stages of the parasite. It remains unknown whether host factors are required by broomrape radicle to initiate haustorium and consequently this strategy has not been fully explored. The model was developed in greenhouse studies and validated in the field during three growing seasons. Weed Res. Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). Paris: Dterville. 92, 1368. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1368B. 2021 Apr 11;10(4):746. doi: 10.3390/plants10040746. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00462.x, Hiraoka, Y., Ueda, H., and Sugimoto, Y. Until now, difficulties of purification at industrial scale have hampered the field experimentation with such metabolites (Vurro et al., 2009) despite their interesting potential. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. First report of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) on lentil (Lens culinaris) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) in Salamanca Province, Spain. Biomol. 16, 223227. Multiple flushes (cohorts) of emergence could be found within a single season . Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. (1999). Preventing the movement of parasitic seeds from infested to non-infested agricultural fields, by contaminated machinery or seed lots, is crucial (Panetta and Lawes, 2005). in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) germplasm. and Phelipanche spp.). Increasing control reliability of Orobanche cumana through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical. Sources of low-inducers genotypes exist in crops species attacked by the close related parasitic weed Striga (Rich et al., 2004). It is important for broomrape to initiate parasitism in young crops otherwise host reproductive organs in the rapid seed-filling stage will be able to endure a delayed parasitism by establishing a stronger competition with parasitic sinks (Manschadi et al., 1996; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review. doi: 10.1002/ps.1739, Sarosh, B. R., Sivaramakrishnan, S., and Shetty, H. S. (2005). broomrape and bursage relationship. Weed Sci. No-tillage improves broomrape control with glyphosate in faba-bean. Weed Sci. Mohamed, K. I., Papes, M., Williams, R., Benz, B. W., and Peterson, A. T. (2006). doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). 12, 638652. Revisiting strategies for reducing the seedbank of Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. Responsiveness of Orobanche ramosa L. seeds to GR24 as related to temperature, oxygen availability and water potential during preconditioning and subsequent germination. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Nat. Ann. (2012). Orobanche species in Sudan: history, distribution and management. This would open the work on parasitism toward more community ecology and what can be considered the realistic nature of parasitism. Target-site resistances have been successfully developed in crops either by classical breeding such as sunflower, by screening mutagenized crop populations such as the case of oilseed rape or by transgenic techniques such as tomato, tobacco, carrots, and oilseed rape (Joel et al., 1995; Aviv et al., 2002; Slavov et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005). doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu343, Yoder, J. I., and Scholes, J. D. (2010). 42, 5760. For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. Plant Physiol. Mechanisms limiting the geographical range of the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. Plant Mol. With target-site resistance, the herbicide translocates unmetabolised to the underground broomrape via the haustorium inflicting its suppressive action in the parasite (Gressel, 2009). We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . The metabolic activity of the seed conditioning in broomrape has been characterized in terms of patterns of respiration, synthesis and turnover of proteins, metabolism of nitrogen, carbohydrates and lipids and hormonal balance. doi: 10.1560/E2KB-FM11-X4U2-YC9J, Bar-Nun, N., Sachs, T., and Mayer, A. M. (2008). (2011). Annu. Molecular responses of Lotus japonicus to parasitism by the compatible species Orobanche aegyptiaca and the incompatible species Striga hermonthica. Br. doi: 10.1021/jf904247k, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Melck, D. (2011). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). Ann. Crop Prot. Isr. Non-host facilitators, a new category that unexpectedly favours parasitic weeds. It is well-established in autotrophic plants that abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a positive regulator of induction of seed dormancy and its maintenance and gibberelins (GAs) antagonizes with ABA, promoting dormancy release and subsequent germination (Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006).